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Eating disorders - Complications of Bulimia

Description

An in-depth report on the treatment and prevention of eating disorders.

Alternative Names

Anorexia; Bulimia; Binge eating

Complications of Bulimia:

Patients who have bulimia without severe weight loss generally have a much better outlook than patients with anorexia. Some studies have suggested that 60 - 80% of bulimic patients are in remission within 3 months of treatment. However, relapse is common, and over half of women with bulimia continue to battle disordered eating habits for years. In one study, bulimia itself persisted in 10 - 25% of patients after treatment.

Direct Adverse Effects of Bulimic Behavior on the Body

Many medical problems are directly associated with bulimic behavior, including:

Tooth erosion, cavities, and gum problems
Water retention, swelling, and abdominal bloating
Acute stomach distress
Fluid loss with low potassium levels (due to excessive vomiting or laxative use; can lead to extreme weakness, near paralysis, or lethal heart rhythms)
Irregular periods
Swallowing problems and esophagus damage

Forced vomiting causes repetitive assaults on the esophagus (the food pipe) from forced vomiting.

The esophagus connects the mouth with the stomach. The epiglottis folds over the trachea when a swallow occurs, to prevent the swallowed substance from being inhaled into the lungs. When a person is unable to swallow because of illness or coma, a tube may be inserted either through the mouth or nose, past the epiglottis, through the esophagus and into the stomach. Nutrients pass directly through the tube into the stomach.

Rupture of the esophagus, or food pipe
Weakened rectal walls (rare, but serious condition that requires surgery)

Rectum
Click the icon to see an image of the rectum.

Self-Destructive Behavior

A number of self-destructive behaviors occur with bulimia:

Smoking. Many teenage girls with eating disorders smoke because it is thought to help prevent weight gain.
Impulsive Behaviors. Women with bulimia are at higher-than-average risk for dangerous impulsive behaviors, such as sexual promiscuity, self-cutting, and kleptomania. Some studies have reported such behaviors in half of those with bulimia.
Alcohol and Substance Abuse. About 30 - 70% of patients with bulimia abuse alcohol, drugs, or both. Women with bulimia also frequently abuse over-the-counter medications, such as laxatives, appetite suppressants, diuretics, and drugs that induce vomiting (ipecac).

Resources

www.nimh.nih.gov -- National Institute of Mental Health
www.anad.org -- National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
www.aedweb.org -- Academy for Eating Disorders
www.nationaleatingdisorders.org -- Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention
www.eatright.org -- American Dietetic Association
www.aabt.org -- Association for Behaviorial and Cognitive Therapies
www.psych.org -- The American Psychiatric Association
www.aacap.org -- American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

References

American Psychiatric Association. Treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;163(7 Suppl):4-54.

Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 2007 May;40(4):293-309.

Bulik CM, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN. Anorexia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2007 May;40(4):310-20.

Field AE, Javaras KM, Aneja P, Kitos N, Camargo CA Jr, Taylor CB, et al. Family, peer, and media predictors of becoming eating disordered. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Jun;162(6):574-9.

Gowers SG. Management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Apr;93(4):331-4. Epub 2007 Oct 9.

Hall MN, Friedman RJ 2nd, Leach L. Treatment of bulimia nervosa. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Jun 1;77(11):1588, 1592.

Hunt TJ, Thienhaus O, Ellwood A. The mirror lies: body dysmorphic disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Jul 15;78(2):217-22.

Morris J, Twaddle S. Anorexia nervosa. BMJ. 2007 Apr 28;334(7599):894-8.

Schmidt U, Lee S, Beecham J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy guided self-care for adolescents with bulimia nervosa and related disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;164(4):591-8.

Williams PM, Goodie J, Motsinger CD. Treating eating disorders in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Jan 15;77(2):187-95.

Reviewed last on: 1/22/2009
Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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