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Periodontal disease

Description

An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of periodontal disease.

Alternative Names

Gingivitis

Highlights

Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and Bisphosphonate Drugs

• Bisphosphonate drugs, which are used to strengthen bone, may increase the risk for developing osteonecrosis (bone decay) of the jaw, a rare but serious condition. The risk is greatest for patients who receive intravenous bisphosphonate drugs as part of cancer therapy. However, there is also a slight risk for patients who take oral bisphosphonates, such as alendronate (Fosamax) for osteoporosis therapy.
• The American Dental Association recommends that all patients on bisphosphonates receive a comprehensive dental exam, preferably before starting the drug treatment. Patients should also discuss with their dentists the potential risks of dental surgical procedures that involve the jawbone.
• Inform your dentist or oral surgeon if you are taking a bisphosphonate drug.

Periodontal Disease and Diabetes

• Gum disease can start early in children with diabetes, according to a 2006 study. Researchers found evidence of gum destruction and recession in children as young as 6 years old. The study also indicated that children with diabetes have more dental plaque and gum tissue inflammation (precursors of periodontal disease) than children without diabetes.
• Some, but not all studies, suggest that treating periodontal disease may help improve blood sugar control for people with diabetes.

Periodontal Disease and Heart Disease

Studies continue to support a link between periodontal disease and heart disease (including heart attack, coronary artery disease, and stroke). However, there is still no definitive answer as to whether periodontal disease causes heart disease or whether it is a marker for heart disease risk. Expert opinion also varies as to whether treating periodontal disease can reduce the risk for heart disease.

Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy

Periodontal disease can increase the risks for preterm birth, low birth weight infants, and preeclampsia (a sharp rise in blood pressure during late pregnancy). It is not clear if treating periodontal disease can reduce these risks. A 2006 New England Journal of Medicine study indicated that treatment of periodontal disease in pregnant women is safe, but does not affect the likelihood of preterm birth.

• Review Date: 11/10/2006
• Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital

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