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Viral encephalitis - Symptoms

Description

An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral encephalitis.

Alternative Names

West Nile virus

Symptoms:

Symptoms of encephalitis usually appear within 2 days to 2 weeks of exposure to the virus. In milder cases, symptoms may resemble the flu. In severe cases of full-blown encephalitis, symptoms may include:

Behavioral and personality changes
Sensitivity to light
Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Lethargy and reduced consciousness
Memory loss
Stiff neck and back -- accompanied by fever and headache would indicate meningitis
Confusion
Speech, hearing, and vision problems
Muscle weakness
Seizures
Partial paralysis
Loss of consciousness
Coma

Patients experiencing these types of symptoms (especially if they may have recently been bitten by a mosquito or tick of if they have lesions on the lips or genitals) should immediately seek medical treatment.

Symptoms in Infants. Infants with herpes virus encephalitis may develop lesions in the mouth, in the eye, or on the skin 1 - 45 days after birth. Other symptoms include lethargy, seizures, and changes in temperature. Their fontanels, the soft spots on their head where the skull has not yet closed, may bulge outward.

Resources

www.cdc.gov -- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/arbor -- CDC website for arboviruses
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile -- CDC West Nile virus website
www.ninds.nih.gov -- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
www3.niaid.nih.gov -- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
www.mosquito.org -- American Mosquito Control Association
www.npic.orst.edu/wnv -- National Pesticide Information Center's West Nile virus resource guide

References

Bleck TP. Arthropod-borne viruses affecting the central nervous system. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 406.

Bleck TP. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and slow virus infections of the central nervous system. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 393.

Katz TM, Miller JH, Hebert AA. Insect repellents: historical perspectives and new developments. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 May;58(5):865-71. Epub 2008 Feb 13.

Lindquist L, Vapalahti O. Tick-borne encephalitis. Lancet. 2008 May 31;371(9627):1861-71.

Loeb M, Hanna S, Nicolle L, Eyles J, Elliott S, Rathbone M, et al. Prognosis after West Nile virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Aug 19;149(4):232-41.

Modlin JF. Enterovirus infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 402.

Nath A, Berger JR. Acute viral encephalitis. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 439.

Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, Sejvar JJ, Marra CM, Roos KL, et al. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):303-27.

Voelker R. Effects of West nile virus may persist. JAMA. 2008 May 14;299(18):2135-6.

Whitley RJ. Herpes simplex virus infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 397.

Reviewed last on: 2/11/2009
Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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