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Bipolar disorder

Description

An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of bipolar disorder.

Alternative Names

Manic depression

Treatment

Bipolar disorder is a recurrent disease that can be unpredictable. The major goals of treatment are to:

• Treat and reduce the severity of acute episodes of mania or depression when they occur
• Reduce the frequency of episodes
• Avoid cycling from one phase to another
• Help the patient function as best as possible between episodes

The doctor will first try to determine what may have triggered the attack and identify any accompanying medical or emotional problems that might interfere with or complicate treatment.

Some experts think that the best way to treat bipolar disorder is through a disease management model, similar to those used for treating diabetes and asthma. In this “collaborative care” model, patients are treated by a multi-disciplinary team of psychiatrists and nurses. The nurses provide patient education on medication side effects, early warning signs of symptoms, and coping skills. In several 2006 studies, patients who received this treatment model reported fewer symptoms, more productive time at work, better relationships with family members, and general improvement in quality of life.

Challenges of Bipolar Treatment

The treatments for bipolar disorder, while very effective, pose some specific challenges for the patient:

• Mood variations in bipolar disorder are not predictable, so it is sometimes difficult to tell if a patient is responding to treatment or naturally emerging from a bipolar phase.
• A patient with bipolar disorder cannot always reliably inform the doctor about the state of the illness.
• The patient is likely to need more than one medication during the course of the disease. This increases the risk for distressing side effects. Noncompliance is common.
• Patients often have more than one medical problem and need different drugs to treat each condition. Such medications may interact with drugs used to treat bipolar disorder or increase side effects. For example, children with bipolar disorder have a higher risk for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, which is treated with stimulants that can complicate bipolar treatment.
• Family members who have not been educated about the disorder may interfere with the treatment.
• Treatment strategies for children and the elderly have not been intensively studied and have not been clearly defined.
• Treatments may be costly.

Specific Drugs and Other Treatments Used in Bipolar Disorder

The following are the treatment options for most patients with bipolar disorder, depending on the bipolar disorder phase or episode. Patients should understand that, even with aggressive therapy, either mania or depression recurs in almost three-quarters of patients.

Drugs Used in Bipolar Disorder. Mood stabilizing drugs are the mainstay for patients with bipolar disorder. They are defined as drugs that are effective for acute episodes of mania and depression and that can be used for maintenance. The standard first-line mood stabilizers are lithium and valproate. Both drugs stimulate the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate, although they appear to work through different mechanisms. Other drugs may also be used.

• Lithium . Lithium has been used for years for bipolar disorder. It remains the best drug for people with pure mania characterized by euphoria and pure depression. Although imperfect, it is also an effective long-term drug for many patients with other bipolar subtypes.
• Antiseizure Drugs . Valproate (valproic acid) is an anti-seizure drug that works well for many patients with mania, rapid-cycling, and mixed states, as well as for patients who are substance abusers. Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Carbatrol, Equetro) or oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) is usually the second anti-seizure medication of choice. Lamotrigine (Lamictal), a newer antiseizure drug, is proving to be an effective mood-stabilizer and may work better for depressive episodes than lithium. It appears to be particularly helpful for patients with rapid cycling and bipolar II disorder, in whom depression remains problematic after taking other mood stabilizers. Other anti-seizure drugs used or investigated for bipolar include gabapentin (Neurontin), zonisamide (Zonegran) and topiramate (Topamax). To date, it is not clear if any of these newer drugs are useful for the treatment of acute mania.
• Atypical Antipsychotics . Drugs known as atypical antipsychotics are used to treat schizophrenia and also have mood stabilizing properties that are applicable to bipolar disorder. They may be used either alone or in combination with lithium or valproate. Clozapine (Clozaril) was the first of these drugs, but it has not yet been approved for treatment of bipolar disorder. The newer atypical antipsychotics include olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel), ziprasidone (Geodon), and ariprazole (Abilify). These five drugs have all been approved for treatment of bipolar mania and, with the exception of quetiapine, mixed episodes. Quetiapine is approved for treatment of both manic and depressive states. Olanzapine is the only atypical approved for bipolar maintenance treatment. A combination olanzapine and fluoxetine drug (Symbyax) is also approved for treatment of bipolar depression.

Such drugs may be used in combination with each other. Additional drugs, such as conventional antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, or experimental drugs are used as necessary.

Electroconvulsive Therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy is a very effective treatment that may be administered in certain patients for acute episodes or for maintenance.

Non-Medical Treatments. In addition to medical treatments, psychotherapy and sleep management are also extremely parts of bipolar disorder treatment. They can help reduce symptoms and prevent relapse.

The Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), an ongoing trial supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, is the largest treatment study ever conducted for bipolar disorder. With plans to enroll approximately 5,000 patients, STEP-BD aims to evaluate all the best-practice treatment options used for bipolar disorder, including mood-stabilizing medications, antidepressants, and atypical antipsychotics. It will also evaluate psychosocial interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, family-focused therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and psychoeducation. Results of STEP-BD may clarify the best treatments for bipolar disorder.

Treatment Guidelines for Acute Manic Episodes

Step 1. Determine the Need for Hospitalization and Eliminate Triggers . The first step in treating an acute manic episode is to rule out any life-threatening conditions and eliminate any triggers, such as antidepressants or other substances that can elevate moods.

Patients often require hospitalization at the onset of acute mania. The need for hospitalization depends on a number of factors:

• Whether the patient is at risk for suicide or for harming others
• The availability of social and emotional support at home

Step 2. Control Symptoms of Acute Manic with a Mood Stabilizer. Doctors often try different drugs to control a manic episode. If a current drug does not work well, another type of drug may be added or substituted. It may take several weeks for a mood stabilizer to take effect and other drugs may be needed.

The following is an example of a stepped approach recommended by some experts:

• Initiating a mood-stabilizing drug is the critical first step. Either valproate or lithium is the standard first drug for most manic episodes. Lithium is effective in 60 - 80% of all hypomanic and manic episodes. Carbamazepine is usually used in place of valproate to treat patients with multiple manic episodes, mixed episodes, and rapid cycling. Combinations of these mood stabilizers may be used if the patient does not respond to a single drug.
• If the patient does not respond fully within a week, atypical antipsychotics may be added to one or more mood stabilizers. Atypicals include olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel), apriprazole (Abilify), and ziprasidone (Geodon). Clozapine (Clozaril), the oldest atypical drug, also works well but it is not generally used because of its potential for severe side effects and the need for weekly monitoring of white blood cell counts.

Step 3. Addition of Other Treatments. Other treatments may be added to speed recovery, treat any psychosis, and achieve remission. They include:

• Standard antipsychotic drugs (also called neuroleptics), such as haloperidol (Haldol). These drugs may be used for acute mania. They can cause severe side effects, however, particularly extrapyramidal effects, which disrupt motor control. They are not generally used on a long-term basis for treating bipolar disorder.
• Benzodiazepines, such as clonazepam (Klonopin) or lorazepam (Ativan), are anti-anxiety drugs that may be particularly beneficial if the patient is experiencing severe mania.
• Electroconvulsive therapy. This treatment helps patients who do not respond to medication and may even be life-saving in elderly patients with severe late-onset mania.

Step 4. Terminate Some Drug Treatments. Drugs may be stopped under the following circumstances:

• When side effects are intolerable
• When the patient does not respond to the maximum dose
• When the patient improves and recovery is sustained

In cases of improvement and sustained recovery, the neuroleptic or benzodiazepine is slowly withdrawn and only the mood-stabilizing drug is continued.

Step 5. Continuation of Mood Stabilizers. Mood stabilizers are typically continued for about 8 weeks, unless the patient shows signs of shifting to another mood state. If the patient remains stable at that time, the doctor may decide to continue maintenance treatment or to gradually withdraw medications.

Treatment Guidelines for Depressive Episodes

Depressive episodes pose a particular challenge. They are a significant cause of suffering, yet the use of standard antidepressants poses a significant risk for triggering mania. It is also not clear if standard antidepressants work for bipolar depression. In fact, depressive episodes are so difficult to treat that some experts advise patients who do not respond to mood stabilizers to simply expect to endure the depressive episode for about 2 - 3 months.

Lithium or lamotrigine are the standard first-line treatments for depressive episodes. Many studies indicate that lithium works better for controlling manic states, and that lamotrigine works better for bipolar depression.

If improvement does not occur within 2 - 4 weeks, an antidepressant may be added. Antidepressants alone are not recommended. The first choices for antidepressants are bupropion (Wellbutrin) or paroxetine (Paxil). Alternatives include one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine (Prozac), a newer antidepressant such as venlafaxine (Effexor), or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).

Several studies have found no additional benefits from antidepressants. Many studies indicate that antidepressants may cause patients to “switch” to a manic state. Any patient with bipolar disorder who takes antidepressants and who develops symptoms of hypomania should stop taking these drugs, because hypomania is often a sign of impending mania. All antidepressants should be tapered after the mood has been stabilized for a month.

Alternative : Atypical Antipsychotics . An atypical antipsychotic combined with a mood stabilizer is another treatment option. In 2003, the FDA approved a drug (Symbyax) that combines the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine and the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine. Symbyax is the first drug to be specifically approved for treatment of bipolar depression. In 2006, quetiapine (Seroquel), which is approved for treatment of bipolar mania, received an additional approval for treatment of bipolar depression.

Psychotherapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy or other psychotherapy programs may help patients endure depressive episodes by developing ways to manage negative thoughts and behaviors.

Other Treatments. Electroconvulsive therapy is another option for depression that does not respond to less intense approaches. Antipsychotic medication may be needed for severely depressed and delusional patients. Small studies indicate that a subgroup of patients may respond to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a substance that regulates thyroid hormones.

Treatment Guidelines for Mixed Episodes and Rapid Cycling

The first step in treating rapid cycling is to try to identify and resolve other factors, such as drug abuse or hypothyroidism, which may have caused this condition. Many patients may require a combination of medications to control rapid cycling.

• Antidepressants may prompt rapid cycling and should be tapered off.
• Lithium or valproate is a first-line treatment for rapid cycling.
• Lamotrigine is an alternative treatment for rapid cycling.
• Atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, risperidone) are approved to treat mixed episodes. These drugs are used either alone or in combination with lithium or valproate.
• One biological mechanism involved with rapid cycling is an excessive influx of calcium into brain cells. Cardiovascular drugs called calcium channel blockers may be beneficial for ultra-rapid cycling.
• Low thyroid (hypothyroidism) is involved in some cases of rapid cycling. In these cases, levothyroxine, a synthetic derivative of the thyroid hormone T4 (thyroxine), has helped stabilize rapid-cycling patients.
• Electroconvulsive therapy can be useful in emergency situations.

In addition, other measures should be taken:

• Patients should avoid anti-anxiety drugs, alcohol, caffeine, and stimulants.
• Patients should avoid exposure to bright light.
• All efforts should be made to help the patient sleep normally.

Treatment Guidelines for Maintenance

Drugs Used During Maintenance. Relapse occurs in most patients after treatment of acute attacks, and patients who are at high risk for recurring episodes should consider life-long maintenance therapy. This usually involves mood-stabilizing drugs.

• Lithium is a first-line mood stabilizer used in maintenance therapy. The anti-epileptic drug valproate is also a first-line treatment. In general, the two work equally well, although valproate may be better for patients who have had multiple manic episodes. There are some differences in side effects, but the drop-out rates between the drugs are similar. Lithium has proved effective for preventing relapses of manic episodes, but may not work as well for controlling depressive symptoms.
• Lamotrigine, an anti-epileptic drug, was approved in 2003 for long-term maintenance treatment. It is also used as a first-line drug for treating depressive episodes.
• Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are other anti-epileptic drugs used as alternative maintenance treatments.
• Atypical antipsychotics may be used for maintenance, particularly in combination with a mood stabilizer. In 2004, olanzapine became the first atypical antipsychotic to be approved specifically for maintenance treatment.

The general recommendations for maintenance therapy with lithium are as follows:

• The earlier lithium is started in the disease process, the better. Studies suggest that patients on long-term lithium therapy have survival rates comparable to the general population, but those who permanently drop out of therapy have significantly lower survival rates. In one study, patients who stopped taking it increased their risk of suicide in the first year by 20 times.
• Lithium still works for patients who discontinue and then restart treatment later on. In such cases, however, there may be a greater need for drug combinations. In addition, patients who stop and start again may be at higher risk for hospitalization than those who use the drug continuously.
• For those who want to stop, a gradual discontinuation (over 15 - 30 days) may help to delay recurrence. Stopping lithium quickly poses a high risk for relapse and even for suicide.

Guidelines for the Treatment of Pregnant Patients with Bipolar Disorder Information on clinical care of pregnant women with bipolar disorder remains very limited. In fact, in one survey, almost half of women with bipolar disorder were discouraged by their doctors from becoming pregnant. Nevertheless, after careful counseling about medications, possibilities for relapse, and disease severity, nearly two-thirds of them decided to attempt pregnancy. Risks for Bipolar Episodes. Some studies suggest the following risks for bipolar episodes during and after pregnancy: In women who discontinue lithium during pregnancy, the chance for recurrence of bipolar disorder is the same as in non-pregnant women, which is over 50%. Pregnant women with bipolar disorder are at particularly high-risk for recurrence in the period after childbirth. In one study, symptoms recurred in 74% of women after delivery, and another 20% were hospitalized within 90 days after giving birth. The risk for depressive or mixed states is particularly high. Drugs for Bipolar and Pregnancy. It is not ethical to test drugs during pregnancy, so all known effects of bipolar drugs are reported anecdotally. It is well-known, however, that most mood stabilizers used for bipolar disorder carry a high risk for the fetus, particularly if they are taken during the first trimester. Taking mood stabilizers at the time of delivery may help reduce the risk of manic episodes occurring after the baby is born. However, caution is still advised. Reported effects of drugs taken during pregnancy include: Lithium can pass through the placenta and affect the fetus. When possible, patients should avoid taking lithium during pregnancy, especially during the first 3 months. Studies report that lithium use during the first trimester may cause heart defects and thyroid problems in the baby. If taken immediately before childbirth, lithium can also cause muscle weakness and drowsiness in newborn infants. Women who must take lithium during pregnancy should take the lowest possible dosage and stop the drug 1 - 2 days before delivery. Mothers who are taking lithium should not nurse their babies, since lithium is concentrated in breast milk. The antiseizure drugs valproate and carbamazepine both greatly increase the risk for physical malformations, developmental delay, and spina bifida in babies. They appear to have minimal effect on breastfeeding, however. Lamotrigine can cause cleft lip and palate birth defects if taken during the first trimester. Small studies have suggested that the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine does not increase the risk for birth defects. However, it does pose a great risk for excess weight gain that could be unhealthy during pregnancy. Less is known about the effects of other atypical antipsychotics during pregnancy. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). In spite of its bad press, ECT appears to be very beneficial for women with bipolar disorder who become pregnant. The patient should discuss this option with her doctor.

Treatment Guidelines for Children and Adolescents

Doctors are still trying to decide the best treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. The drugs used for bipolar disorder have considerable side effects, which may be even more severe in younger people. Parents should consider the potential risks and benefits of treatment for their children.

Lithium and valproate are first-line treatments. Alternative treatments include the antiseizure drug carbamazepine or atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone). If the patient does not respond to lithium or valproate treatment, one of these other drugs may be substituted. If treatment with a single drug does not work, a combination of these drugs may be used.

Lithium and valproate are the drugs most studied in children and adolescents. Some evidence suggests that larger rather than smaller doses of valproate or lithium may work best. However, side effects of these drugs in children may include severely impaired thinking, acne, increased urination (lithium), and menstrual irregularities and polycystic ovary syndrome (valproate).

Pediatric prescriptions for atypical antipsychotics have been increasing in recent years. However, the safety and effectiveness of these drugs for children and adolescents has not been established. They appear to work well in the short-term, but a 2006 study noted that there is little available evidence concerning their long-term effects.

Psychotherapy is an important addition to drug treatment. Therapy that includes the entire family is also important.

• Review Date: 12/26/2006
• Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital

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