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• Highlights
• Introduction
• Causes
• Symptoms
• Complications
• Risk Factors
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Treatment for NSAID-Induced Ulcers
• Medications
• Treatment for Bleeding Ulcers
• Lifestyle Changes
• Resources
• References

Peptic ulcers

Description

An in-depth report on the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of stomach and GI ulcers.

Alternative Names

Duodenal ulcers; Gastric ulcers; H. pylori

Treatment for NSAID-Induced Ulcers

Preventing Ulcers or Rebleeding Caused by NSAIDs. If NSAID-caused ulcers or bleeding are identified, patients should:

• Get tested for H. pylori and, if infected, take antibiotic treatments.
• Ask the doctor if a PPI is right for you. Studies suggest they lower the risk for NSAID-caused ulcers although they cannot completely prevent them.

People who still need to take NSAIDs should:

• Use the lowest NSAID dose possible.
• Try the prescription drugs misoprostol or Arthrotec. Misoprostol works as well as PPIs, but it cannot heal existing ulcers. Because of its many side effects, patients tend to stop using it. Arthrotec is a combination of misoprostol and the NSAID diclofenac

Healing Existing Ulcers . A number of drugs are used to treat NSAID-caused ulcers. PPIs -- omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), or esomeprazole (Nexium) -- are used most often. Other drugs that may be useful include H2 blockers such as famotidine (Pepcid AC), cimetidine (Tagamet), and ranitidine (Zantac). Sucralfate is another drug used to heal ulcers and reduce the stomach upset caused by NSAIDs.

Alternative Medications for People with Chronic Pain

COX-2 Inhibitors (Coxibs). Coxibs block an inflammation-promoting enzyme called COX-2. This drug class was initially thought to work as well as NSAIDs, while causing less gastrointestinal distress. However, following numerous reports of cardiovascular events, as well as skin rashes and other adverse effects, the FDA is currently re-evaluating the relative risks and benefits of this drug class. At the time of this report, rofecoxib (Vioxx) and valdecoxib (Bextra) have been withdrawn from the United States market. Celecoxib (Celebrex) is still available, but patients should discuss with their doctor whether this drug is appropriate and safe for them.

Arthrote c . Arthrotec is a combination of misoprostol and the NSAID diclofenac that may reduce the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding. One study found that patients taking Arthrotec had 65% to 80% fewer ulcers than those who took NSAIDs alone.

Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Anacin-3) is the most common alternative to NSAIDs. Acetaminophen is inexpensive and generally safe. It poses far less of a risk for gastrointestinal problems than NSAIDs. It does have some adverse effects, however, and the daily dose should not exceed 4 grams (4000 mg). Some studies suggest that ulcer risk is increased even in doses that exceed 2 grams (2000 mg) a day, if the drug is used on a long-term basis. Patients who take high doses of this drug for long periods are at also risk for liver damage, particularly if they drink alcohol. It may pose a small risk for serious kidney complications in people with preexisting kidney disease, although it is still the drug of choice for people with impaired kidney function.

Tramadol. Tramadol (Ultram) is a pain reliever that has been used as an alternative to opioids. It has opioid-like properties but is not as addictive. (Dependence and abuse have been reported, however.) It can cause nausea but does not cause severe gastrointestinal problems, as NSAIDs can. Some patients experience severe itching. A combination of tramadol and acetaminophen (Ultracet) is now available and provides more rapid pain relief than tramadol alone and more durable relief than acetaminophen alone. Side effects are the same as for each of these agents.

• Review Date: 7/14/2006
• Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital

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