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• Introduction
• Cholesterol's Effect on the Heart
• Cholesterol's Effect on the Brain
• Risk Factors
• Symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Lifestyle Changes
• Treatment
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Cholesterol

Description

An in-depth report on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of unhealthy cholesterol levels.

Alternative Names

Hypercholesterolemia; LDL; HDL; Triglycerides

Lifestyle Changes

Although most studies that prove that lowering cholesterol saves lives are done using drug therapy, the absolute mandate for improving cholesterol levels is to first make changes in lifestyle (both diet and exercise). Even when drugs are used, healthy diet and physical activity are critical companions.

Heart Healthy Diets

Although there are many major dietary approaches for protecting health, experts generally agree on the following recommendations for heart protection:· 

• Choose fiber-rich food (whole grains, legumes, nuts) as the main source of carbohydrates, along with a high intake of fresh fruits and vegetables. Walnuts in particular have cholesterol-lowering properties and are a good source of antioxidants and alpha-linolenic acid.
• Avoid saturated fats (found mostly in animal products) and trans fatty acids (found in hydrogenated fats and many commercial products and fast foods). Choose unsaturated fats (particularly omega-3 fatty acids found in vegetable and fish oils).
• In selecting proteins, choose soy protein, poultry, and fish over meat. A 2006 study found that soy does not help improve cholesterol. However, experts still recommend it as a heart healthy food choice.
• Controlling weight, quitting smoking, and exercising are essential companions of any diet program.

After embarking on any heart healthy diet, it generally takes an average of 3 to 6 months before any noticeable reduction in cholesterol occurs. However, some people see improved levels in as few as 4 weeks. An intensive program may be necessary to achieve significant improvements in cholesterol levels and to reduce heart risk factors.

Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) from the National Cholesterol Education Program. Guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program include these recommendations for preventing and managing high cholesterol levels in adults:

• Choose five or more servings of fresh fruits and vegetables and six or more servings of whole grains, legumes. Soluble fiber is preferred (from cereal grains, beans, peas, legumes, and many fruits and vegetables).
• Fats can be up to 35% of daily calories, but no more than 7% should be from saturated fat. (People with high triglycerides, low HDL, or both may need a higher fat intake.) Choose fats containing unsaturated fatty acids (from vegetables, fish, legumes, and nuts). Choose margarines containing sterols or stanols (Benecol, Take Control). Avoid trans fatty acids found in commercial baked products.
• Protein choices should be fat-free and low-fat milk products, fish, legumes, skinless poultry, and lean meats.
• Limit dietary cholesterol intake to less than 200 mg per day.
• Maintain healthy body weight and a healthy level of physical fitness.

Mediterranean Diet. The Mediterranean diet is rich in heart-healthy fiber and nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. The diet consists of fruits, vegetables, and unsaturated “good” fats, particularly olive oil. Olive oil has been associated with lower blood pressure, a lower risk for heart disease, and possible benefits for people with type 2 diabetes.

There are several variations to the Mediterranean diet but general recommendations include:

• Limit red meats.
• Drink one or two glasses of wine each day if alcohol is enjoyable and there are no reasons to restrict its use.
• Limit dairy products.
• Eat moderate amounts of fish and poultry. Fish is the diet’s main protein source. One study suggests that fish is the primary heart-protective ingredient in this diet.
• Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, legumes, beans, and whole grains.
• Season foods with garlic, onions, and herbs.

Low-Carbohydrate Diets . The Atkins, South Beach, The Zone, and other diet restrict carbohydrate intake include. A 2006 review of low-carbohydrate diets found that they did help weight loss in the short term. However, while these diets appeared to lower triglyceride and raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol levels, they also raised overall and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels. There is not yet enough evidence to indicate whether the good heart effects of these diets outweigh the bad effects. At this time, experts do not recommend low-carbohydrate diets for heart disease prevention.

Low Fat Diets . Dietary guidelines recommend keeping total fat intake to 20 – 30% of total daily calories, with saturated fat less than 10% of calories. Low-fat diets generally restrict fat intake to 20% or less of total daily calories. The Ornish program, which is recommended for some heart disease patients, limits fats even more drastically. It aims at reducing saturated fats as much as possible, restricting total fat to 10%, and increasing carbohydrates to 75% of calories. In 2006, the largest study to date on low-fat diets found that they did not help prevent heart disease or cancer. Women in the study reduced their fat consumption to 24 – 29% of total daily calories. Some critics say that the study did not do enough to distinguish between good types of fats (monounsaturated omega-3 polyunsaturated) and bad fats (saturated and trans fats).

The DASH Diet. The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is proving to help lower blood pressure. Results are sometimes seen within a few weeks. Restricting sodium improves results. The diet appears to have antioxidant effects and may help lower LDL cholesterol levels, although beneficial HDL levels also decline.This diet is not only rich in important nutrients and fiber but also includes foods that contain far more electrolytes, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, than are found in the average American diet.

The DASH diet recommends:

• Reduce saturated fat (but include calcium-rich dairy products that are non- or low-fat).
• When choosing fats, select monounsaturated oils, such as olive or canola oils.
• Choose whole grains over white flour or pasta products.
• Choose fresh fruits and vegetables every day. In one study people who increased their intake of fruits and vegetables experienced a drop in blood pressure after 6 months. Many of these foods are rich in potassium, fiber, or both which may help lower blood pressure.
• Include nuts, seeds, or legumes (dried beans or peas) daily.
• Choose modest amounts of protein (preferably fish, poultry, or soy products)

Slight changes to the DASH diet might help lower blood pressure even more, as well as improve cholesterol and lipid levels. Researchers reporting in the Journal of the American Medical Association and at the 2005 American Heart Association meeting said that replacing some carbohydrates in the DASH diet with more protein (from mostly plant sources) or monounsaturated fats may help reduce heart disease risk factors.

Calorie Restriction. Calorie restriction has been the cornerstone of weight-loss programs. Restricting calories in such cases also appears to have beneficial effects on cholesterol levels, including reducing LDL and triglycerides and increasing HDL levels. At this point, reducing calories and increasing exercise is still the best method for maintaining weight loss and preventing serious conditions, notably diabetes. A 2006 study reported that a low-calorie, but nutritionally balanced diet can help prevent an aging-associated change in heart function. Patients in the small study took in 1,400 – 2,000 calories a day for an average of 6 years.

The standard dietary recommendations for losing weight are the following:

• As a rough rule of thumb, one pound of fat equals about 3,500 calories, so one could lose a pound a week by reducing daily caloric intake by about 500 calories a day. Naturally, the more severe the daily calorie restriction, the faster the weight loss.
• To determine the daily calorie requirements for specific individuals, multiply the number of pounds of ideal weight by 12 to 15 calories. The number of calories per pound depends on gender, age, and activity levels. For instance, a 50-year-old moderately active woman who wants to maintain a weight of 135 pounds might require only 12 calories per pound (1,620 calories a day). A 25-year-old female athlete who wants to maintain the same weight might require 25 calories per pound 2,025 (calories a day).

Fat intake should be no more than 30% of total calories. Most fats should be in the form of monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil). Saturated fats (found in animal products) should be avoided.

Exercise

Inactivity is one of the four major risk factors for coronary artery disease, on par with smoking, unhealthy cholesterol, and high blood pressure. In fact, studies suggest that people who change their diet in order to control cholesterol only achieve a lower risk for heart disease when they also follow a regular aerobic exercise program.

• People who maintain an active lifestyle have a 45% lower risk of developing heart disease than sedentary people. Even moderate exercise reduces the risk of heart attack. One study of women found that just 1 hour of walking a week was associated with a lower risk for heart disease. The effects were similar even in women at high risk for developing heart disease.
• Some studies suggest that for the greatest heart protection, it is not the duration of a single exercise session that counts but the total daily amount of energy expended. Therefore, the best way to exercise may be in multiple short bouts of intense exercise.
• Burning at least 250 calories a day (the equivalent of about 45 minutes of brisk walking or 25 minutes of jogging) seems to offer the greatest protection against coronary artery disease, most likely because it raises HDL ("good cholesterol") levels. Moderate exercise has little effect on HDL.
• Aerobic exercise helps to open up blood vessels and, in combination with a healthy diet, may improve blood-clotting factors.
• Resistance (weight) training offers a complementary benefit to aerobics by reducing LDL ("bad cholesterol") levels.
• Exercises that train and strengthen the chest muscles may prove to be very important for patients with angina.

Quitting Smoking

Cigarette smoking lowers HDL and is directly responsible for approximately 20% of all deaths from heart disease. The importance of breaking this habit cannot be emphasized enough. Once a person quits smoking, HDL cholesterol levels rise within weeks or months to levels that are equal to their nonsmoking peers. Passive smoking also reduces HDL levels in people exposed to cigarette smoke.

Alcohol

A number of studies have found heart protection from moderate intake of alcohol (one or two glasses a day). Moderate amounts of alcohol help raise HDL levels. Although red wine is most often cited for healthful properties, any type of alcoholic beverage appears to have similar benefit. Pregnant women, anyone who cannot drink moderately, and people with liver disease should not drink at all.

• Review Date: 4/12/2006
• Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital.

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