Diet Plans:

Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean diet is rich in heart-healthy fiber and nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. The diet consists of fruits, vegetables, and unsaturated “good” fats, particularly olive oil. Olive oil has been associated with lower blood pressure, a lower risk for heart disease, and possible benefits for people with type 2 diabetes. Researchers think that the main health benefit of olive oil is oleic acid, which is a type of monounsaturated fatty acid. Olive oil also contains polyphenols, which are phytochemicals that contain antioxidant properties. Virgin olive oil, which comes from the first pressing of olives, contains a higher polyphenol content than refined olive oil, which comes from later pressings.

There are several variations to the Mediterranean diet, but general recommendations include:

• Limit red meats.
• Drink one or two glasses of wine each day if alcohol is enjoyable and there are no reasons to restrict its use.
• Limit whole fat dairy products.
• Eat moderate amounts of fish and poultry. Fish is the diet� ' s main protein source. Some studies suggest that fish is the primary heart-protective ingredient in this diet.
• Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, legumes, beans, and whole grains.
• Season foods with garlic, onions, and herbs.
• Use virgin olive oil.

Even though fats make up about 40% of the calories found in the traditional Mediterranean diet, they are largely unsaturated. Growing evidence continues to support the heart-protective properties of the Mediterranean diet. Research has shown that such a diet reduces the risk for a second heart attack and helps cholesterol-lowering statin drugs work better. (Unfortunately, garlic, while adding flavor to many Mediterranean recipes, does not help lower LDL "bad cholesterol.")

Seniors who combine a Mediterranean diet with healthy lifestyle habits have been found to live longer lives. Many doctors regard the Mediterranean diet to be as good as the American Heart Association low-fat diet for preventing recurrence of heart attack, stroke, or other heart events.

Weight gain, due to a high intake of fats, and risk for alcohol abuse can be problems with the Mediterranean diet. Other concerns include reduced iron levels and possible calcium loss resulting from a reduced consumption of dairy products. Premenopausal women on the diet should eat foods rich in iron or vitamin C, which aids in iron absorption. Women should also ask their doctor if they need a calcium supplement because they consume fewer dairy products. People should avoid wine if they have risk factors for complications from alcohol. Such people include women who are pregnant or at risk for breast cancer and anyone prone to alcohol abuse.

DASH Diet

The salt-restrictive DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is proven to help lower blood pressure, and may have additional benefits for preventing heart disease and stroke. Effects on blood pressure are sometimes seen within a few weeks. This diet is rich in important nutrients and fiber. It also provides far more potassium (4,700 mg/day), calcium (1,250 mg/day), and magnesium (500 mg/day) -- but much less sodium -- than the average American diet.

A diet that is effective in lowering blood pressure is called Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH).

DASH diet recommendations:

• Limit sodium (salt) intake to no more than 2,300 mg a day (a maximum intake of 1,500 mg a day is an even better goal).
• Reduce saturated fat to no more than 6% of daily calories and total fat to 27% of daily calories. (But, include calcium-rich dairy products that are non- or low-fat.)
• When choosing fats, select monounsaturated oils, such as olive or canola oils.
• Choose whole grains over white flour or pasta products.
• Choose fresh fruits and vegetables every day. Many of these foods are rich in potassium, fiber, or both, which may help lower blood pressure.
• Include nuts, seeds, or legumes (dried beans or peas) daily.
• Choose modest amounts of protein (no more than 18% of total daily calories). Fish, skinless poultry, and soy products are the best protein sources.
• Other daily nutrient goals in the DASH diet include limiting carbohydrates to 55% of daily calories and dietary cholesterol to 150 mg. Patients should try to get at least 30 g of daily fiber.

Low Carbohydrate Diets

Low carbohydrate diets generally restrict the amount of carbohydrates but do not restrict protein sources.

The Atkins diet restricts complex carbohydrates in vegetables and, particularly, fruits that are known to protect against heart disease. The Atkins diet also can cause excessive calcium excretion in urine, which increases the risk for kidney stones and osteoporosis.

Low-carb diets, such as South Beach, The Zone, and Sugar Busters, rely on a concept called the "glycemic index," or GI, which ranks foods by how fast and how high they cause blood sugar levels to rise. Foods on the lowest end of the index take longer to digest. Slow digestion wards off hunger pains. It also helps stabilize insulin levels. Foods high on the glycemic index include bread, white potatoes, and pasta, while low-glycemic foods include whole grains, fruit, lentils, and soybeans.

There has been debate about whether Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets can increase the risk for heart disease, as people who follow these diets tend to eat more animal-saturated fat and protein and less fruits and vegetables. In general, these diets appear to lower triglyceride levels and raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels tend to remain stable or possibly increase somewhat. However, large studies have not found an increased risk for heart disease, at least in the short term. In fact, some studies indicate that these diets may help lower blood pressure.

Low-carbohydrate diets help with weight loss in the short term, possibly better than diets that allow normal amounts of carbohydrates and restrict fats. However, overall, there is not good evidence showing long-term efficacy for these diets. Likewise, long-term safety and other possible health effects are still a concern, especially since these diets restrict healthy foods such as fruit, vegetables, and grains while not restricting saturated fats.

Low-Fat Diets

Dietary guidelines recommend keeping total fat intake to 20 - 30% of total daily calories, with saturated fat less than 10% of calories. Low-fat diets generally restrict fat intake to 20% or less of total daily calories. The Ornish program, recommended for some heart disease patients, limits fats even more drastically. It aims to reduce saturated fats as much as possible, restricting total fat to 10%, and increasing carbohydrates to 75% of calories.

The Ornish program is a very demanding regimen:

• It excludes all oils and animal products except nonfat yogurt, nonfat milk, and egg whites.
• It emphasizes whole grains, legumes, and fresh fruits and vegetables.
• People in the program exercise for 90 minutes at least three times a week.
• Stress reduction techniques are used.
• People do not smoke or drink more than two ounces of alcohol per day.

Benefits of Low-Fat Diets. Low-fat programs may help keep weight off. Low-fat diets that are high in fiber, whole grains, legumes, and fresh produce offer health advantages in addition to their effects on cholesterol. These foods are also lower on the glycemic index than high-glycemic foods, such as bread, potatoes, and pasta. Lowering the glycemic index (by, for example, cutting down on starchy vegetables and replacing pasta with whole grains) may help increase weight loss and heart benefits for high-carbohydrate diets.

While claims regarding a significant reduction in angina and even reduction in coronary artery stenosis have been made by the Ornish program directors, actual regression in atherosclerosis or prevention of heart disease has only been shown in a small number of patients.

Concerns Regarding Low-Fat Diets. The American Heart Association notes that the Ornish program is so difficult to maintain that most people have difficulty staying with it. Very low-fat diets may reduce HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. These diets may also reduce calcium absorption, which can be harmful for women at risk for osteoporosis. Many people who reduce their fat intake do not consume enough of the basic nutrients, including vitamins A, D, E, calcium, iron, and zinc. People on low-fat diets should eat a wide variety of foods and take a multivitamin if appropriate.

Calorie Restriction

Calorie restriction has been the cornerstone of weight-loss programs. Restricting calories in such cases also appears to have beneficial effects on cholesterol levels, including reducing LDL and triglycerides and increasing HDL levels. At this point, reducing calories and increasing exercise is still the best method for maintaining weight loss and preventing serious conditions, notably diabetes.

The standard dietary recommendations for losing weight are:

• As a rough rule of thumb, one pound of fat contains about 3,500 calories, so one could lose a pound a week by reducing daily caloric intake by about 500 calories a day. Naturally, the more severe the daily calorie restriction, the faster the weight loss.
• To determine the daily calorie requirements for specific individuals, multiply the number of pounds of ideal weight by 12 - 15 calories. The number of calories depends on gender, age, and activity levels. For instance a 50-year old woman who wants to maintain a weight of 135 pounds and is mildly active might require only 12 calories per pound (1,620 calories a day). A 25-year-old female athlete who wants to maintain the same weight might require 25 calories per pound 2,025 (calories a day).
• Fat intake should be no more than 30% of total calories. Most fats should be in the form of monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil). Avoid saturated fats (found in animal products).