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Skin wrinkles and blemishes

Description

An in-depth report on the treatment and prevention of skin wrinkles and blemishes.

Alternative Names

Liver spots; Pupura; Seborrheic keratoses; Cosmetic surgery; Plastic surgery

Treatment

An increasing number of dermatology patients are looking for a way to improve the appearance of their skin. As a result, more and more products have become available to treat skin wrinkles and blemishes. From vitamins and supplements to exfoliants and chemical peels -- the options can be overwhelming. In some cases, more than one approach may be needed. This section details the risks and benefits of several products.

Antioxidant Creams, Lotions, and Ointments

Antioxidants are substances that hunt oxygen-free radicals, the unstable particles that can damage cells and are believed to cause sun damage and even skin cancers. Exposure to sunlight depletes antioxidants in the skin, and therefore they must be replaced.

Antioxidant ointments, creams, and lotions ("topical products") may help reduce the risk of wrinkles and protect against sun damage. Unlike sunscreens, they build up in the skin and are not washed away, so the protection may last. Selenium, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and alpha-lipoic acid are types of antioxidants that come in topical form. Many are proving to be very beneficial for the skin.

Vitamin A. Vitamin A is important for skin health. UV radiation produces vitamin A deficiencies in the skin. Topical products containing natural forms of vitamin A (retinol, retinaldehyde) or vitamin A-related products called retinoids (tretinoin, tazarotene) may help repair skin damage due to sunburn and natural aging.

• Tretinoin (Retin-A). Tretinoin (known commercially as Retin-A) is the only topical agent approved for treating photoaging and is available in prescription form (Avita, Renova, Differin). The June 2004 journal Dermatology Surgery reported that tretinoin (0.25% concentration) was an effective and well-tolerated treatment for photodamaged facial skin. This agent produces a rosy glow and reduces fine and large wrinkles, liver spots, and surface roughness. It also may help prevent more serious effects of ultraviolet radiation. Tretinoin may be applied to face, neck, chest, hands, and forearms and should be applied at least twice a week. Noticeable improvement takes 2 - 6 months. Because Retin-A increases a person's sensitivity to the sun, patients should apply just a tiny amount at bedtime. A sunblock should be worn during the day, and overexposure to the sun should be avoided. Almost all patients experience redness, scaling, burning, and itching after 2 or 3 days that can last up to 3 months. In women who experience irritation, a daytime moisturizer or low-dose corticosteroid cream, such as 1% hydrocortisone, may help. There is some concern that overuse of high-dose tretinoin may cause excessive skin thinness over time. Studies now suggest that low concentrations (as low as .02%) of tretinoin can produce significant improvements in wrinkles and skin color, with less irritation than at higher doses.
• Retinol. Retinol, a natural form of vitamin A, could not, until recently, be used in skin products because it was unstable and easily broken down by UV radiation. Stable preparations are now sold over the counter. In the right concentrations, retinol may be as effective as tretinoin, and studies indicate that it has fewer side effects. An animal study suggests that adding antioxidant creams (such as those containing vitamins C or E) may offer added protection against degradation of retinol, but not tretinoin. The FDA warns that over-the-counter retinol skin products are unregulated. The amount of active ingredients is unknown, and some preparations, in fact, may contain almost no retinol.
• Tazarotene. Tazarotene (Tazorac, Zorac, Avage) is a retinoid used for acne and psoriasis. It has now been approved for treating wrinkles, skin discoloration, and blemishes due to photoaging. One short-term study suggested that it may be as effective as tretinoin and even slightly better at high doses. At such high doses, however, it can cause very severe irritation. Redness and peeling may be reduced by administering tretinoin first to get the skin acclimated. A randomized study of 562 patients with facial photodamage found that a daily application of tazarotene 0.1% cream resulted in a minimum 1 grade improvement in fine and coarse wrinkling, uneven skin color, pore size, skin roughness, and overall photodamage. More research is needed to determine if it produces any long-lasting significant benefits.

Warning: Pregnant women and those who may become pregnant should avoid any vitamin A derivative (a product related to vitamin A). For example, oral tretinoin causes birth defects, and women should avoid even topical Retin-A when pregnant or trying to conceive.

Vitamin C. Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is a very potent antioxidant. Most studies on the effects of antioxidants on the skin have used this vitamin. In laboratory studies, large amounts of vitamin C reduced skin swelling and protected immune factors from sunlight. It may even promote collagen production. Vitamin C by itself is unstable, but products that solve the delivery problem are now available (e.g., Cellex-C, Avon's Anew Formula C Treatment Capsules, Physician Elite, and others). Studies using these formations in 2002 (one using Cellex-C) reported reduction in wrinkles and apparent improvement in skin thickness. In one of the studies, wrinkle improvement with a time-released vitamin C product was as effective as with topical retinoids and some laser treatments. Of concern, however, is that ascorbyl palmitate, a vitamin C derivative found in many skin products, may actually increase skin damage from UV rays, according to one 2002 study. More research is needed, since other studies have found this chemical to be protective.

Antioxidants Under Investigation for Skin Care. Other antioxidants are also being investigated for their value in skin protection. Most available brands, however, contain very low concentrations of these antioxidants. In addition, they are also not well absorbed and have a short-term effect. New delivery techniques, however, may prove to offset some of these problems.

• Vitamin E. Studies suggest that topical vitamin E, particularly alpha tocopherol cream (a form of vitamin E), decreased skin roughness, length of facial lines, and wrinkle depth. Studies on mice have also reported reductions in UV-induced skin cancer with its use.
• Both green and black tea may provide some protection against skin cancers and photoaging. There is also some evidence that pomegranate and soy extracts may help rejuvenate aging skin.
• Aloe, ginger, grape seed extract, and coral extracts contain antioxidants and are promoted as being healthy for the skin, although evidence of their effects on wrinkles is weak.

Vitamins and Supplements

A small study found that taking vitamin C and E supplements by mouth -- at the same time -- may help reduce sunburn, although it doesn't work as well as sunscreen. Taking the vitamins separately did not have any effect. Vitamin C and E are also antioxidants.

Alpha Hydroxy Acid and Home Exfoliation

One of the basic methods for improving skin and eliminating small wrinkles is exfoliation (also called resurfacing), which is the removal of the top layer of skin to allow regrowth of new skin. Methods for doing this run from simple scrubs to special creams to intensive peeling treatments, including laser resurfacing. People with darker skin are at particularly higher risk for scarring or discoloration with the more powerful exfoliation methods.

Abrasive Scrubs. Scrub gently with a mildly abrasive material and a soap that contains salicylic acid to remove old skin so that new skin can grow. The motion should be perpendicular to the wrinkles. Use textured material or cleansing grains with microbeads. Organic materials, such as loofahs or sea sponges, may harbor bacteria. Avoid cleansing grains that contain pulverized walnut shells and apricot seeds, which can lacerate skin on a microscopic level. Cleansing grains with microbeads don't have sharp edges and remove skin without cutting it. Exfoliation using scrubs, however, can worsen certain conditions, such as acne, sensitive skin, or broken blood vessels.

Topical Alpha Hydroxy Acid and Similar Substances. Alpha hydroxy acids facilitate the shedding of dead skin cells and may even stimulate the production of collagen and elastin. They are found naturally as follows:

• Lactic acid (milk)
• Glycolic acid (sugar cane)
• Malic acid (found in apples and pears)
• Citric acid (oranges and lemons)
• Tartaric acids (grapes)

Most alpha hydroxy acid products contain glycolic acid. Skin care products are also made from polyhydroxy acids (PHAs) and beta hydroxy acids (BHAs). BHAs contain salicylate acid. PHAs contain gluconolactone. Research suggests that PHA products may cause less skin irritation than AHA or BHA products.

Acid concentrations in over-the-counter AHA preparations are 2 - 10%. One clinical study suggested that 8% concentrations showed modest improvement. Some examples include Avon's Anew Intensive Treatment (8% glycolic), Pond's Age Defying Complex (8%), Elizabeth Arden's Alpha-Ceramid Intensive Skin Treatment (3 - 7.5%), and BioMedic's home product (10%). Prescription strength creams contain at least 12% glycolic acid, and glycolic acid peels of 30 - 70% concentration may be administered in a doctor's office at weekly or monthly intervals.

Response to AHA varies, and the treatment is not without risk, particularly in high-concentration products. Side effects from over-the-counter creams, prescription products, and professional AHA peels can include burns, itching, pain, and possibly scarring. Studies also suggest that AHA may increase susceptibility to sun damage, even at concentrations as low as 4%. Such effects can persist up to a week after the products have been stopped. Experts advise that people should purchase products with AHA concentrations of 10% or less. Chemical peels of up to 60% are available without prescription on the Internet. Such concentrations are not recommended except in consultation with a doctor. If any adverse effects occur, the product should be stopped immediately. In all cases, people are advised to avoid sunlight or use proper sun protection when using these products.

Other Skin Treatments

Copper Peptides. Certain copper-containing compounds may protect skin and help repair it. Note: copper itself is a toxic metal. It should be used only in products that contain peptides (small protein fragments) that bind to copper. Most studies have been conducted on the copper peptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine:copper (II) or GHK-Cu. It is currently used in a number of products (e.g., CP Serum, Neutrogena's Visibly Firm, ProCyte's Neova).

Furfuryladenine. Furfuryladenine (Kinetin, Kinerase) is a naturally occurring growth hormone found in plant and animal DNA. It has antioxidant and anti-aging properties. Some small laboratory studies suggest that it may both delay the onset and decrease the effects of aging on skin. However, no well-conducted human trials have been performed.

Vitamin K. Microsponge-based vitamin K is being promoted to clear bruises spider veins, and other small blood vessel damage. Vitamin K is important for blood clotting.

Dimeracin , a new cream in clinical studies, can repair sun-related DNA damage in skin cells. The cream contains an enzyme capable of repairing damaged DNA. It shows significant benefits in reducing rates of non-melanoma skin cancer in people with a genetic risk for these cancers. The drug manufacturer hopes to find a way to incorporate this cream into sunscreens.

Moisturizers

Moisturizers help prevent dryness, bruising, and tearing. They have no effect on wrinkles by themselves. Moisturizers should be applied while the skin is still damp. These products retain skin moisture in various ways:

• Occlusives, such as petroleum jelly, prevent water from evaporating.
• Humectants, including glycerin, act by pulling water up to the surface of the skin from deep tissues. People with oily skin generally should use the humectant type.
• More powerful compounds, such as one called monolaurin (Glylorin), contain mixtures of fatty molecules (lipids), which may help restore the skin's natural barriers against moisture loss and damage.

Most moisturizers contain combinations of these and usually have other ingredients, such as AHA, sunscreens, collagen, and keratin. Collagen and keratin leave a protein film and temporarily stretch the skin. They range widely in price, and a major consumer organization found little difference in general between the more and less expensive products.

Under-Eye Creams

The skin under the eyes is very thin and does not produce as much of the protective oils that keep skin soft and supple. Under-eye gels are aimed at reducing puffiness and dark circles. They typically work in one of two ways:

• Temporarily constricting blood vessels to prevent the build-up of fluids.
• Firming the skin with an invisible film.
• Never rub under the eyes, as this may cause more wrinkles to form. Instead, apply these products with a light tapping motion to stimulate the skin.

Cosmetics

Cosmetics, if properly applied, can be surprisingly effective in camouflaging the signs of aging skin, including wrinkles and age spots. Moreover, they offer additional benefits by retarding water loss and providing a physical barrier to UV radiation. However, as women age, less is more. Here are some suggestions for older women:

Moisturizers. Moisturizers should be applied before foundation. If reddish discoloration is extensive or the skin is sallow, tinted moisturizers may be helpful and can be worn alone or under foundation.

Foundations. Caking on make-up will cause cracks at the wrinkle lines and only increase the appearance of aging. Large areas of the face are best covered with a moderate-coverage foundation with a matte or semi-matte finish. Facial powder reflects light and thus minimizes wrinkles but should be avoided by people with dry skin.

Correcting Color. When blemishes are especially prominent, applying color correctors under the foundation can be very effective:

• Green neutralizers mask red lesions.
• Yellow will camouflage dark circles and bruises.
• Mauve (a purplish-pink color) helps neutralize sallow skin or yellowish blemishes.
• A white, pearled base helps to minimize wrinkles.

Blushes. Blushes and color washes can help conceal the spidery network of dilated capillaries on the nose and cheeks. Powder blushes are preferred because they blend easily on top of foundation.

Eyes. Powder eye shadows applied on top of a moisturizer are preferred to cream-based shadows. The appearance of deep-set eyes is best offset with light-colored shadow, which should be applied along the upper eyelid crease and above the iris (the colored part of the eye). A slightly deeper shade of the same color should then be applied to the lower part of the eyelid and drawn out to the corner.

Lips . A lip-setting cream or facial foundation should be applied before lipstick to help prevent it from bleeding into surrounding wrinkles. Try using a stiff bristle brush instead of a lip pencil. The brush will help keep the lipstick on and prevent bleeding. (Some women use the pencil itself for the full lip, which gives color but appears natural.) Some make-up artists recommend cream lipsticks instead of matte.

Herbs and Supplements Herbal remedies and dietary supplements are not regulated by the FDA. This means that manufacturers and distributors do not need FDA approval to sell their products. In addition, any substance that affects the body's chemistry can, like any drug, produce side effects that may be harmful. There have been numerous reported cases of serious and even deadly side effects from herbal products. Overexposure to sunlight can damage skin. The following natural remedies may cause extra sensitivity to light (photosensitivity): St. John’s wort ( Hypericum perforatum ) is a popular herbal remedy for depression. People who are sensitive to light should not use it. A case report suggests that St. John’s wort may cause skin reactions in patients who have laser treatment. Kava ( Piper methysticum ) is an herb used to calm nerves and reduce stress. In addition to photosensitivity, it can cause liver damage. Yohimbe ( Pausinystalia yohimbe ) is used to treat erectile dysfunction. Both the herb and the pharmaceutical drug (yohimbine) can cause sensitivity to light. Essential oils in many botanical aromatherapy products can trigger photosensitivity. Citrus oils (grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange) as well as bergamot, cumin, ginger, and angelica root oils should be avoided.

• Review Date: 9/3/2006
• Reviewed By: Harvey Simon, M.D., Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital

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