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Eating disorders - Symptoms

Description

An in-depth report on the treatment and prevention of eating disorders.

Alternative Names

Anorexia; Bulimia; Binge eating

Symptoms:

Possibly the most bewildering symptom of eating disorders is the distorted body image (body dysmorphia). Although people typically associate distorted body image with severe anorexia, distortion may also occur in people with bulimia.

Symptoms Specific to Bulimia without Anorexia

People with bulimia nearly always practice it in secret, and, although they may be underweight, they are not always anorexic. Symptoms or signs of bulimia may, therefore, be very subtle and go unnoticed. They may include:

  • Evidence of discarded packaging for laxatives, diet pills, emetics (drugs that induce vomiting), or diuretics (medications that reduce fluids)
  • Regularly going to the bathroom right after meals
  • Suddenly eating large amounts of food or buying large quantities that disappear right away
  • Compulsive exercising
  • Broken blood vessels in the eyes (from the strain of vomiting)
  • Pouch-like appearance to the corners of the mouth due to swollen salivary glands
  • Dry mouth
  • Tooth cavities, diseased gums, and irreversible enamel erosion from excessive acid
  • Rashes and pimples
  • Small cuts and calluses across the tops of finger joints due to self-induced vomiting

Symptoms Specific to Anorexia

Weight Loss. The primary symptom of anorexia is major weight loss from excessive and continuous dieting, which may either be restrictive dieting or binge-eating and purging.

Other symptoms of anorexia may include:

  • Infrequent or absent menstrual periods
  • Compulsive exercising coupled with excessive thinness
  • Refusal to eat in front of others
  • Ritualistic eating, including cutting food into small pieces
  • Hypersensitivity to cold -- some women wear several layers of clothing to both keep warm and hide their thinness
  • Yellowish skin, especially on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet -- from eating too many vitamin A-rich vegetables such as carrots
  • Dry skin covered with fine hair
  • Thin scalp hair
  • Cold or swollen feet and hands
  • Stomach problems, including bloating after eating
  • Confused or slowed thinking
  • Poor memory or judgment

Resources

References

American Psychiatric Association. Treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;163(7 Suppl):4-54.

Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 2007 May;40(4):293-309.

Bulik CM, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN. Anorexia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2007 May;40(4):310-20.

Field AE, Javaras KM, Aneja P, Kitos N, Camargo CA Jr, Taylor CB, et al. Family, peer, and media predictors of becoming eating disordered. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Jun;162(6):574-9.

Gowers SG. Management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Apr;93(4):331-4. Epub 2007 Oct 9.

Hall MN, Friedman RJ 2nd, Leach L. Treatment of bulimia nervosa. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Jun 1;77(11):1588, 1592.

Hunt TJ, Thienhaus O, Ellwood A. The mirror lies: body dysmorphic disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Jul 15;78(2):217-22.

Morris J, Twaddle S. Anorexia nervosa. BMJ. 2007 Apr 28;334(7599):894-8.

Schmidt U, Lee S, Beecham J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy guided self-care for adolescents with bulimia nervosa and related disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;164(4):591-8.

Williams PM, Goodie J, Motsinger CD. Treating eating disorders in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Jan 15;77(2):187-95.

  • Reviewed last on: 1/22/2009
  • Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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