COPD is a term that refers to a large group of lung diseases which can interfere with normal breathing. It is estimated that 11 percent of the US population has COPD. The two most common conditions of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
The causes of COPD are not fully understood. It is generally agreed that the most important cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema is cigarette smoking. Causes such as air pollution and occupational exposures may play a role, especially when combined with cigarette smoking. Heredity also plays a contributing role in some patients' emphysema, and is especially important in a rare form -- due to alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Patients with chronic bronchitis usually have cough and sputum for many years before they develop shortness of breath.
Patients with emphysema usually have shortness of breath and develop cough and sputum during a respiratory infection, or in the later stages of the illness.
Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease involving recurrent breathing problems. The characteristics of asthma are three airway problems:
The following are the most common symptoms for asthma; however, each person may experience symptoms differently.
Sometimes the only symptom is a chronic cough, especially at night, or coughing or wheezing that occurs only with exercise. Some people think they have recurrent bronchitis, since respiratory infections usually settle in the chest in a person predisposed to asthma.
Asthma may resemble other respiratory problems such as emphysema, bronchitis, and lower respiratory infections. It is under-diagnosed -- many people with the disease do not know they have it. Consult your physician for a diagnosis.
The basic cause of the lung abnormality in asthma is not yet known, although health care professionals have established that it is a special type of inflammation of the airway that leads to:
It is important to know that asthma is not caused by emotional factors -- as commonly believed years ago. Emotional anxiety and nervous stress can cause fatigue, which may affect the immune system and increase asthma symptoms, or aggravate an attack. However, these reactions are considered to be more of an effect than a cause.
Persons with asthma have acute episodes when the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. These problems are caused by an oversensitivity of the lungs and airways.
- muscles that surround the airways tighten, and the inner lining of the airways swells and pushes inward.
- membranes that line the airways secrete extra mucus.
- the mucus can form plugs that further block the air passages.
- the rush of air through the narrowed airways produces the wheezing sounds.
A risk factor is anything that may increase a person's chance of developing a disease. It may be an activity, diet, family history or many other things.
Different diseases have different risk factors. Although these factors can increase a person's risk, they do not necessarily cause the disease. For example, some people with one or more risk factors never develop the disease, while others develop the disease and have no known risk factors.
Knowing your risk factors to any disease can help to guide you into the appropriate actions, including changing behaviors and being clinically monitored for the disease.
Although anyone may have an asthma attack, it most commonly occurs in:
Other factors include:
To diagnose asthma and distinguish it from other lung disorders, physicians rely on a combination of medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests, which may include:
Specific treatments for asthma will be determined by your physician(s) based on:
As of yet, there is no cure for asthma. However, it can often be controlled with prescription medications that may help prevent or relieve symptoms, and by learning ways to manage episodes.
People with asthma can learn to identify and avoid the things that trigger an episode, and educate themselves about medications and other asthma management strategies.
According to the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, published by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute:
- The four parts of continually managing asthma are:
- identify and minimize contact with asthma triggers
- understand and take medications as prescribed
- monitor asthma to recognize signs when it is getting worse
- know what to do when asthma gets worse
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